Sensor Networks
[Akyildiz-Su-Sankarasubramaniam-Cayirci-2002 (doi) .]
I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci
“Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey”,
Elsevier Computer Networks, vol.38, #4, March 2002, pp. 393–422
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; Ad hoc networks; Application layer; Transport layer; Networking layer; Routing; Data link layer; Medium access control; Error control; Physical layer; Power aware protocols.
Abstract: “This paper describes the concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics. First, the sensing tasks and the potential sensor networks applications are explored, and a review of factors influencing the design of sensor networks is provided. Then, the communication architecture for sensor networks is outlined, and the algorithms and protocols developed for each layer in the literature are explored. Open research issues for the realization of sensor networks are also discussed.”
Notes: importance and relevance to ResiliNets
[[Akyildiz-Su-Sankarasubramaniam-Cayirci-2002] (doi) .]
I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci
“A Survey on Sensor Networks”,
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.40, #8, August 2002, pp. 102–114
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; WSN Architecture; Protocol Stack.
Abstract: “Recent advancement in wireless communications and electronics has enabled the development of low-cost sensor networks. The sensor networks can be used for various application areas (e.g., health, military, home). For different application areas, there are different technical issues that researchers are currently resolving. The current state of the art of sensor networks is captured in this article, where solutions are discussed under their related protocol stack layer sections. This article also points out the open research issues and intends to spark new interests and developments in this field.”
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[[Chong-Kumar-2003] (doi) .]
C-Y. Chong, S.P. Kumar
“Sensor Networks: Evolution, Opportunities, and Challenges”,
Proceedings of The IEEE, vol.91, #8, August 2003, pp. 1247–1256
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: History of sensor networks; Trends; Applications; Collaborative signal processing; microsensors, network routing and control; querying and tasking; sensor networks; tracking and classification; wireless networks.
Abstract: “Wireless microsensor networks have been identified as one of the most important technologies for the 21st century. This paper traces the history of research in sensor networks over the past three decades, including two important programs of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) spanning this period: the Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) and the Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) programs. Technology trends that impact the development of sensor networks are reviewed, and new applications such as infrastructure security, habitat monitoring, and traffic control are presented. Technical challenges in sensor network development include network discovery, control and routing, collaborative signal and information processing, tasking and querying, and security. The paper concludes by presenting some recent research results in sensor network algorithms, including localized algorithms and directed diffusion, distributed tracking in wireless ad hoc networks, and distributed classification using local agents.”
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[Demirkol-Ersoy-Alagoz-2006 (doi) .]
I. Demirkol, C. Ersoy, F. Alagoz
“MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey”,
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.44, #4, April 2006, pp. 115–121
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; Medium access control.
Abstract: “Wireless sensor networks are appealing to researchers due to their wide range of application potential in areas such as target detection and tracking, environmental monitoring, industrial process monitoring, and tactical systems. However, low sensing ranges result in dense networks and thus it becomes necessary to achieve an efficient medium-access protocol subject to power constraints. Various medium-access control (MAC) protocols with different objectives have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. In this article, we first outline the sensor network properties that are crucial for the design of MAC layer protocols. Then, we describe several MAC protocols proposed for sensor networks, emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we point out open research issues with regard to MAC layer design.”
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[Karaki-Kamal-2004 (doi) .]
J.N. Al-Karaki, A.E. Kamal
“Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey”,
IEEE Wireless Communications, vol.11, #6, December 2004, pp. 6–28
ResiliNets Keywords: Network Reliability; Multi Path Routing
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; Network layer protocols.
Abstract: “Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this article we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first outline the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flit, hierarchical, and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent-based depending on the protocol operation. We study the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique. The article concludes with possible future research areas.”
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[[Wang-Sohraby-Li-Daneshmand-Hu-2006] (doi) .]
C. Wang, K. Sohraby, B. Li, M. Daneshmand, Y. Hu
“A survey of transport protocols for wireless sensor networks”,
IEEE Network, vol.20, #3, May-June 2006, pp. 34–40
ResiliNets Keywords: Reliability; Event reliability; Packet reliability
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; Transport layer protocols.
Abstract: “In this article we present a survey of transport protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We first highlight several unique aspects of WSNs, and describe the basic design criteria and challenges of transport protocols, including energy-efficiency, quality of service, reliability, and congestion control. We then provide a summary and comparison of existing transport protocols for WSNs. Finally, we discuss several open research problems.”
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[Chen-Varshney-2004 (doi) .]
D. Chen, P.K. Varshney
“QoS Support in Wireless Sensor Networks: A. Survey”,
Proc. of the 2004 International Conference on Wireless Networks (ICWN 2004), vol.44, #4, June 21-24 2004, pp. 115–121
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless networks; Wireless sensor networks; QoS; collective QoS.
Abstract: “In this paper, we assess the state of the art of Quality of Services (QoS) support in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Unlike traditional end-to-end multimedia applications, many non-end-to-end mission-critical applications envisioned for WSNs have brought forward new QoS requirements on the network. Further, unique characteristics of WSNs, such as extremely resource-constrained sensors, large-scale random deployment, and novel data-centric communication protocols, pose unprecedented challenges in the area of QoS support in WSNs. Thus, we first review the techniques for QoS support in traditional networks, analyze new QoS requirements in WSNs from a wide variety of applications classified by data delivery models, and propose some non-end-to-end collective QoS parameters. Next, the challenges of QoS support in this new paradigm are presented. Finally, we comment on current research efforts and identify many exciting open issues in order to stimulate more research interest in this largely unexplored area.”
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[Iyer-Kleinrock-2003 (doi) .]
R. Iyer, L. Kleinrock
“QoS control for sensor networks”,
IEEE International Conference on Communications, vol.1, May 11-15 2003, pp. 517–521
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; QoS.
Abstract: “Sensor networks are distributed networks made up of small sensing devices equipped with processors, memory, and short-range wireless communication. They differ from the conventional computer networks in that they have severe energy constraints, redundant low-rate data, and a plethora of information flows. Many aspects of sensor networks, such as routing, preservation of battery power, adaptive self-configuration, etc., have already been studied in previous papers, e.g., [(W. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H Balakrishnan, 1999), (N. Bulusu, D. Estrin, L. Girod, and J. Heidelann, 20001), (D. Estrin, 2001)]. However, to the best knowledge of the authors, the area of sensor network quality of service (QoS) remains largely open. This is a rich area because sensor deaths and sensor replenishments make it difficult to specify the optimum number of sensors (this being the service quality that we address in this paper) that should be sending information at any given time. In this paper we present an amalgamation of QoS feedback and sensor networks. We use the idea of following the base station to communicate QoS information to each of the sensors using a broadcast channel and we use the mathematical paradigm of the Gur Game to dynamically adjust to the optimum number of sensors. The result is a robust sensor network that allows the base station to dynamically adjust the resolution of the QoS it receives from the sensors, depending on varying circumstances. ”
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[Beutel-2006 (doi) .]
J. Beutel
“Metrics for Sensor Network Platforms”,
Proc. of ACM Workshop on Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks (REALWSN'06), ACM Press, New York, June 19 2006, pp. 26–30
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; Metrics; Sensor network platforms; Kiviat Graphs.
Abstract: “Today, practically every research group and every larger sensor network project is using a platform for implementation work spanning a great variety of approaches and hardware architectures. This is primarily due to the large application space with differing requirements on resources and architectures each on the one hand and the goal to minimize the overhead on the other hand. With this large application domain for sensor networks, it is unclear how to match differing application requirements and platform characteristics to achieve optimal resource usage. This work establishes a methodology for the classification and interpretation of sensor network platforms and develops a set of metrics that can be used to compare and analyse the characteristics of different platforms. This is applied in a case study analyzing some state of the art sensor network platforms of the recent years. With this set of metrics and methodology we provide an intuitive and easy to use visual tool for sensor network system designers.”
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[Zheng-Lee-2004 (doi) .]
J. Zheng, M.J. Lee
“Will IEEE 802.15.4 make ubiquitous networking a reality?: a discussion on a potential low power, low bit rate standard”,
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.42, #6, June 2004, pp. 140–146
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; IEEE 802.15.4; Ubiquitous networking; ns-2.
Abstract: “The new IEEE standard 802.15.4 shows promise to bring ubiquitous networking into our lives, at least technically. Unlike other standards targeting high- or moderate-data-rate applications, IEEE 802.15.4 is a global standard designed for low-data-rate, low power consumption, and low-cost applications. This so-called enabling standard brings many simple, originally standalone devices into networks, and thus not only open the door to an enormous number of new applications, but also add values to many other existing applications. In this article we first present a few application scenarios to show the potential extent to which the new standard can affect our lives, and then give an overview of the standard, focusing on its feasibility and functions in establishing ubiquitous networks. We also outline some quantitative results from our experiments so as to have a better view of the standard.”
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[[Gutierrez-Naeve-Callaway-Bourgeois-Mitter-Heile-2001] (doi) .]
J.A. Gutierrez, M. Naeve, E. Callaway, M. Bourgeois, V. Mitter, B. Heile
“IEEE 802.15.4: a developing standard for low-power low-cost wireless personal area networks
”,
IEEE Network, vol.15, #5, Sep/Oct 2001, pp. 12–19
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; IEEE 802.15.4.
Abstract: “A low-rate wireless personal area network, or LR-WPAN, is a network designed for low-cost very-low-power short-range wireless communications. Until now, the main focus in the wireless industry has been on communications. Until now, the main focus in the wireless industry has been on communication with higher data throughput, leaving out a set of applications requiring simple wireless connectivity with relaxed throughput and latency requirements. LR-WPANs will connect devices that previously have not been networked and allow applications that cannot use current wireless specifications, including applications in fields such as industrial, agricultural, vehicular, residential, medical sensors and actuators. TaskGroup 4 of the IEEE 802.14 Wireless personal Area Network working group is currently working to define a wireless communication standard for LR-WPANs. This article discusses the technical considerations and system requirements necessary when implementing a low-cost low-power wireless personal area network and provides an overview of the unique applications such a technology will enable.”
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[[Callaway-Gorday-Hester-Gutierrez-Naeve-Heile-Bahl-2002] (doi) .]
E. Callaway, P. Gorday, L. Hester, J.A. Gutierrez, M. Naeve, B. Heile, V. Bahl
“Home Networking with IEEE 802.15.4: A Developing Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks
”,
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.40, #8, Aug. 2002, pp. 70–77
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; IEEE 802.15.4.
Abstract: “This article presents the IEEE 802.15.4 draft standard and its home networking applications. The main features of the standard are network flexibility, low cost, and low power consumption; the standard is suitable for many applications in the home requiring low-data-rate communications in an ad hoc self-organizing network.”
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[[Wheeler-2007] (doi) .]
A. Wheeler
“Commercial Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks Using ZigBee”,
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.45, #4, April 2007, pp. 70–77
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; ZigBee; ZigBee Pro; Applications.
Abstract: “After around a decade of active research on wireless sensor networks, recent standards released are stimulating the development of commercial products. One of these standards is ZigBee. This article highlights some of the lessons from the field that went into the standard. It also describes the ecosystem emerging around Zigbee, and the enabling trends in that ecosystem. New areas of activity in the ZigBee standards body are highlighted as well.”
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[[Akkaya-Younis-Youssef-2007] (doi) .]
K. Akkaya, M. Younis, W. Youssef
“Positioning of Base Stations in Wireless Sensor Networks”,
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.45, #4, April 2007, pp. 96–102
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; Dependability; Static BS Positioning; Dynamic BS Positioning.
Abstract: “Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their potential use in many applications such as border protection and combat field surveillance. Given the criticality of such applications, maintaining a dependable operation of the network is a fundamental objective. However, the resource constrained nature of sensor nodes and the adhoc formation of the network, often coupled with an unattended deployment, pose non-conventional challenges and motivate the need for special techniques for dependable design and management of WSN. In this article, we highlight the potential of careful positioning of the base station (BS), which acts as a sink node for the collected data, as a viable means for increasing the dependability of WSN. We categorize published work on optimal positioning of BS in WSN. Referring to such work as static positioning, we further introduce dynamic schemes that reposition the BS during the network operation. We show that dynamic BS positioning can be very effective in optimizing the network functional and non-functional performance objectives and in coping with dynamic changes in the environment and available network resources.”
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[Chan-Perrig-2003 (doi) .]
H. Chan, A. Perrig
“Security and Privacy in Sensor Networks”,
IEEE Computer Magazine, vol.36, #10, October 2003, pp. 103–105
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Sensor Networks; Security; Resiliency.
Abstract: “Sensor networks offer economically viable solutions for a variety of applications. For example, current implementations monitor factory instrumentation, pollution levels, freeway traffic, and the structural integrity of buildings. Other applications include climate sensing and control in office buildings and home environmental sensing systems for temperature, light, moisture, and motion. Sensor networks are key to the creation of smart spaces, which embed information technology in everyday home and work environments. The miniature wireless sensor nodes, or motes, developed from low-cost off-the-shelf components at the University of California, Berkeley, as part of its smart dust projects, establish a self-organizing sensor network when dispersed into an environment. The privacy and security issues posed by sensor networks represent a rich field of research problems. Improving network hardware and software may address many of the issues, but others will require new supporting technologies.”
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[Wood-Stankovic-2002 (doi) .]
A.D. Wood, J.A. Stankovic
“Denial of Service in Sensor Networks”,
IEEE Computer Magazine, vol.35, #10, October 2002, pp. 54–62
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Sensor Networks; Security; DoS.
Abstract: “Sensor networks hold the promise of facilitating large-scale, real-time data processing in complex environments, helping to protect and monitor military, environmental, safety-critical, or domestic infrastructures and resources, Denial-of-service attacks against such networks, however, may permit real world damage to public health and safety. Without proper security mechanisms, networks will be confined to limited, controlled environments, negating much of the promise they hold. The limited ability of individual sensor nodes to thwart failure or attack makes ensuring network availability more difficult. To identify denial-of-service vulnerabilities, the authors analyzed two effective sensor network protocols that did not initially consider security. These examples demonstrate that consideration of security at design time is the best way to ensure successful network deployment. ”
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[Karlof-Wagner-2003 (doi) .]
C. Karlof, D. Wagner
“Secure routing in wireless sensor networks: attacks and countermeasures”,
Elsevier Ad-Hoc Networks, vol.1, #2-3, September 2003, pp. 293–315
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Sensor networks; Security; Secure routing.
Abstract: “We consider routing security in wireless sensor networks. Many sensor network routing protocols have been proposed, but none of them have been designed with security as a goal. We propose security goals for routing in sensor networks, show how attacks against ad-hoc and peer-to-peer networks can be adapted into powerful attacks against sensor networks, introduce two classes of novel attacks against sensor networks––sinkholes and HELLO floods, and analyze the security of all the major sensor network routing protocols. We describe crippling attacks against all of them and suggest countermeasures and design considerations. This is the first such analysis of secure routing in sensor networks. ”
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[[Qian-Lu-Tipper-2007] (doi) .]
Y. Qian, K. Lu, D. Tipper
“A design for secure and survivable wireless sensor networks”,
IEEE Wireless Communications, vol.14, #5, October 2007, pp. 30–37
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Sensor networks; Security; Survivability; Key-management.
Abstract: “In this article, we present a study of the design of secure and survivable wireless sensor networks (WSN) that has yet to be addressed in the literature. Our goal is to develop a framework that provides the security and survivability features that are crucial to applications in a WSN, because WSNs are vulnerable to physical and network-based security attacks, accidents, and failures. To achieve such a goal, we first examine the security and survivability requirements. We then propose a security and survivability architecture in a WSN with heterogeneous sensor nodes. To understand the interactions between survivability and security, we also design and analyze a key management scheme. The results of the experiment show that a good design can improve both security and survivability of a WSN; however, in some situations, there is a trade off between security and survivability.”
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[Li-Yang-2006 (doi) .]
X. Li, D. Yang
“A Quantitative Survivability Evaluation Model for Wireless Sensor Networks”,
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, April 23-25 2006, pp. 727–732
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; Survivability; Security.
Abstract: “A wireless sensor network (WSN) is vulnerable to security attacks due to the broadcast nature of transmission and the limited computation and communication capabilities of the sensor nodes. Many key agreement schemes are developed to enable encryption and authentication among sensor nodes to protect confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the communications and computations of WSNs. It is crucial to build a model to evaluate these schemes with regard to survivability of a WSN. In this paper, we propose a quantitative evaluation model for a typical pre-distribution key management scheme. Specifically, we evaluate the survivability of a WSN with regard to its three major attributes: resilience, resistance, and robustness. Simulation results are reported showing that how a WSN become survivable and how it can be improved.”
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[[Taherkordi-Taleghan-Sharifi-2006] (doi) .]
A. Taherkordi, M.A. Taleghan, M. Sharifi
“Achieving Availability and Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks Applications”,
Proceedings the First International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, vol.1, #1, April 20-22 2006, pp. 529–535
ResiliNets Keywords: Reliability; Availability
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks; Middleware; Reliability; Availability.
Abstract: “Recently, the use of wireless sensor networks has spread to applications areas that are not viable or cost-efficient to be run on other types of networks. The majority of these applications should be run continuously and reliably without interruption. Hence, the two significant quality factors that should be nowadays taken into account in developing wireless sensor networks applications are 'availability' and 'reliability' of application services. The specific characteristics and constraints of wireless sensor networks require a different interpretation of these two factors when developing applications for such networks. In this paper, we propose a middleware layer mechanism for satisfying these two factors. We propose an event-based middleware service that is specifically designed for wireless sensor networks in which a group of sensor nodes forms a cluster and a replicated service is run on each cluster head. The communication model among cluster members and cluster head is based on the publish/subscribe scheme. We show how the replicated services and communication model in cluster nodes increases the availability and reliability of applications running under the proposed middleware.”
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[[Kim-Shazzad-Park-2006] (doi) .]
D.S. Kim, K.M. Shazzad, J.S. Park
“A Framework of Survivability Model for Wireless Sensor Networks”,
Proceedings the First International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, vol.1, #1, April 20-22 2006, pp. 515–522
ResiliNets Keywords: WSNs; Survivability Model for WSNs
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network; Survivability; Software Rejuvenation; semi-Markov Process; Discrete Time Markov Chain.
Abstract: “Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) should be capable of fulfilling its mission, in a timely manner, in the middle of intrusion, attacks, accidents and failures in hostile environment. However, currently security mechanisms for WSN are able to satisfy confidentiality, integrity, and authentication properties using cipher algorithms, key management schemes, and so on, but they are not enough to meet above requirements. Therefore, we propose a framework of survivability model for WSN. Our model adopts software rejuvenation methodology, which is applicable in security field and also less expensive. We model and analyze each cluster of a hierarchical cluster based WSN as a stochastic process based on semi-Markov Process (SMP) and Discrete-Time Markov Chain (DTMC). The model analysis indicates the feasibility of our approach.”
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[[Yu-Mokhtar-Merabti-2007] (doi) .]
M. Yu, H. Mokhtar, M. Merabti
“Fault management in wireless sensor networks”,
IEEE Wireless Communications, vol.14, #6, December 2007, pp. 13–19
ResiliNets Keywords: WSNs; Fault Management
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network; Fault Management; Fault discovery; Fault diagnosis; Fault recovery.
Abstract: “Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gradually emerged as one of the key growth areas for pervasive computing in the twenty-first century. Recent advances in WSN technologies have made possible the development of new wireless monitoring and environmental control applications. However, the nature of these applications and harsh environments also created significant challenges for sensor networks to maintain a high quality of service in potentially harsh environments. Therefore, efficient fault management and robust management architectures have become essential for WSNs. In this article, we address these challenges by surveying existing fault management approaches for WSNs. We divide the fault management process into three phases: fault detection, diagnosis, and recovery and classify existing approaches according to these phases. Finally, we outline future challenges for fault management in WSNs.”
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