Satellite Networks
[[Golding-1998] .]
L. S. Golding
“Satellite communications systems move into the twenty-first century”,
Wireless Networks Springer, vol.4, #2, Feb. 1998, pp. 101–107
ResiliNets Keywords: History of Satellite Networks
Keywords:
Abstract: “This paper discusses the evolution of communication satellite systems and communications satellite technology from the 1960's to the 1990's. The paper identifies the key attributes of satellite communications that has driven this evolution and now drives the future directions such systems will take. The paper then discusses the future direction of communication satellite systems including DBS, MSS, FSS and hybrid satellite/terrestrial systems. The paper points to the continued evolution of the satellite payload to use of spot beams, onboard processing and switching, and intersatellite links, with capability for higher EIRPs. The paper also identifies the earth station trends to more compact, lower cost stations, produced in higher volumes, with the handheld phone for MSS operation being the prime example of this trend. The paper then points to some revolutionary trends in satellite communication networks being proposed for MSS and FSS applications involving fleets of NGSO satellites combined with more extensive ground networks involving new networking concepts, new services (such as multimedia) and new hybrid configurations working with terrestrial networks, involving a host of new network issues and operations.”
Notes: importance and relevance to ResiliNets
[[Sorace-1999] (doi) .]
R. Sorace
“Overview of multiple satellite communication networks”,
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.35, #4, Oct 1999, pp. 1362–1368
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: message switching, mobile satellite communication, packet switching, satellite antennas, telecommunication network routing
Abstract: “Recently interest in packet communications has stimulated an interest in constellations of low altitude satellites. Such a configuration would have less propagation delay and be cheaper to launch than satellites at higher or geosynchronous altitude. However, many more satellites are necessary at low altitude to achieve reasonable coverage of the earth and insure availability of the resource. Further, the geometry of such a constellation would be dynamic with communication links of short duration as the satellites speed past each other or a ground site. The most difficult design issue in these systems is a stable method of routing messages that will sustain a reasonable level of traffic. This paper explores the problems of routing and switching messages through a constellation of low altitude satellites and examines some of the related demands on technology. The dynamic nature of crosslinks, uplinks, and downlinks requires a very agile antenna system, and the volume of information for routing of traffic is overwhelming. Use of some type of facetted phased array antenna is advocated to solve the former problem, but the latter problem is more subtle. Since the volume of ephemeris and constellation data as well as the rate of update is unmanageable, schemes relying on some form of broadcast or random access may be considered. It is concluded that none of the known or examined approaches to routing and switching is completely satisfactory”
Notes: importance and relevance to ResiliNets
[[Re-Pierucci-2002] (doi) .]
E.D. Re, L. Pierucci
“Next-generation mobile satellite networks”,
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.40, #9, Sep. 2002, pp. 150–159
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Internet, asynchronous transfer mode, cellular radio, code division multiple access, mobile satellite communication multimedia communication
Abstract: “Due to the increasing demands of multimedia services supporting high bit rates and mobility, ATM, TCP/IP, and satellite technology are going to be associated to form the internetwork infrastructure of future global systems. In this scenario, distinctions between terrestrial and satellite communications systems, as well as between fixed networks and 3G mobile networks, will cease to exist in a global coverage wireless system. The European Action COST252 actively participated in developing the satellite component of UMTS”
Notes: importance and relevance to ResiliNets
[Farserotu-Prasad-2000 (doi) .]
J. Farserotu, R. Prasad
“A survey of future broadband multimedia satellite systems, issues and trends”,
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.38, #6, Jun. 2000, pp. 128–133
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Internet, broadband networks, information resources, interactive video, mobile satellite communication, multimedia communication, quality of service, telemedicine, transport protocols, video on demand
Abstract: “The demand for advanced information services is growing in terms of both the number of users and the services to be supported. Voice and low-rate data services are insufficient for users in a world where high-speed World Wide Web access is taken for granted. The trend is toward global information networks offering flexible multimedia information services to users on demand, anywhere, anytime. Potential services include video on demand, interactive video, fast Internet access, telemedicine, tele-education, and large file transfer. The need to support bandwidth-intensive multimedia services places new and challenging demands on satellite systems and networks. Flexibility, efficiency, mobility, and the ability to guarantee end-to-end quality of service are at a premium”
Notes: importance and relevance to ResiliNets
[[Iera-Molinaro-2002] (doi) .]
A. Iera, A. Molinaro
“Designing the interworking of terrestrial and satellite IP-based networks”,
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.40, #2, Feb. 2002, pp. 136–144
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Internet, internetworking, multimedia communication, quality of service, radio networks, satellite communication, telecommunication traffic, transport protocols
Abstract: “The design of effective interworking between a multimedia terrestrial backbone and a satellite access platform is a key issue for the development of a large-scale IP system designed for transporting multimedia applications with QoS guarantees. This article focuses on the design of a gateway station that acts as an interworking unit between the two segments of the systems. The guarantee of differentiated QoS for applications within the envisaged global IT system is achieved effectively by assuming that the IP IntServ model in the satellite access system is combined with a DiffServ fixed core network, in which the RSVP aggregation protocol is implemented. Thus, the design activity of the IWU mainly focuses on the following issues: seamless roaming between the two heterogeneous wireless and wired environments, efficient integration between the two IP service models (IntServ and DiffServ), and suitable mapping of terrestrial onto satellite bearer for traffic with different profiles and QoS requirements”
Notes: importance and relevance to ResiliNets
[[Akyildiz-Morabito-Palazzo-2001] (doi) .]
I.F. Akyildiz, G. Morabito, S. Palazzo
“Research issues for transport protocols in satellite IP networks”,
IEEE Wireless Communications, vol.8, #3, Jun. 2001, pp. 44–48
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: packet radio networks, satellite links, telecommunication congestion control, transport protocols
Abstract: “Traditional transport layer flow control schemes proposed for IP networks have low performance when satellite links are involved in the communication. These problems are described along with the solutions previously proposed in the literature. For each solution the advantages and drawbacks of the existing solutions are pointed out. Both real-time and non-real-time applications are considered”
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[Akyildiz-Morabito-Palazzo-2001b (doi) .]
Ian F. Akyildiz, Giacomo Morabito, and Sergio Palazzo
“TCP-Peach: a new congestion control scheme for satellite IP networks”,
IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol.9, #3, 2001, pp. 307–321
ResiliNets Keywords:
Keywords: satellite links, congestion control, transport protocols
Abstract: “Current TCP protocols have lower throughput performance in satellite networks mainly due to the effects of long propagation delays and high link error rates. In this paper, a new congestion control scheme called TCP-Peach is introduced for satellite networks. TCP-Peach is composed of two new algorithms, namely Sudden Start and Rapid Recovery, as well as the two traditional TCP algorithms, Congestion Avoidance and Fast Retransmit. The new algorithms are based on the novel concept of using dummy segments to probe the availability of network resources without carrying any new information to the sender. Dummy segments are treated as low-priority segments and accordingly they do not effect the delivery of actual data traffic. Simulation experiments show that TCP-Peach outperforms other TCP schemes for satellite networks in terms of goodput. It also provides a fair share of network resources.”
Notes:
[Mascolo-Casetti-Gerla-Sanadidi-Wang-2001 (doi) .]
Saverio Mascolo and Claudio Casetti and Mario Gerla and M. Y. Sanadidi and Ren Wang
“TCP westwood: Bandwidth Estimation for Enhanced Transport over Wireless Links”,
MobiCom '01: Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, Rome, Italy, 2001, pp. 287–297
ResiliNets Keywords:
Keywords: satellite links, transport protocols, bandwidth estimation
Abstract: “TCP Westwood (TCPW) is a sender-side modification of the TCP congestion window algorithm that improves upon the performance of TCP Reno in wired as well as wireless networks. The improvement is most significant in wireless networks with lossy links, since TCP Westwood relies on end-to-end bandwidth estimation to discriminate the cause of packet loss (congestion or wireless channel effect) which is a major problem in TCP Reno. An important distinguishing feature of TCP Westwood with respect to previous wireless TCP “extensions” is that it does not require inspection and/or interception of TCP packets at intermediate (proxy) nodes. Rather, it fully complies with the end-to-end TCP design principle. The key innovative idea is to continuously measure at the TCP source the rate of the connection by monitoring the rate of returning ACKs. The estimate is then used to compute congestion window and slow start threshold after a congestion episode, that is, after three duplicate acknowledgments or after a timeout. The rationale of this strategy is simple: in contrast with TCP Reno, which “blindly” halves the congestion window after three duplicate ACKs, TCP Westwood attempts to select a slow start threshold and a congestion window which are consistent with the effective bandwidth used at the time congestion is experienced. We call this mechanism faster recovery. The proposed mechanism is particularly effective over wireless links where sporadic losses due to radio channel problems are often misinterpreted as a symptom of congestion by current TCP schemes and thus lead to an unnecessary window reduction. Experimental studies reveal improvements in throughput performance, as well as in fairness. In addition, friendliness with TCP Reno was observed in a set of experiments showing that TCP Reno connections are not starved by TCPW connections. Most importantly, TCPW is extremely effective in mixed wired and wireless networks where throughput improvements of up to 550% are observed. Finally, TCPW performs almost as well as localized link layer approaches such as the popular Snoop scheme, without incurring the O/H of a specialized link layer protocol.”
Notes:
[Krishnan-Sterbenz-Eddy-Partridge-Allman-2004 (doi) .]
R. Krishnan, J.P.G. Sterbenz, W.M. Eddy, C. Partridge, M. Allman
“Explicit Transport Error Notification (ETEN) for Error-Prone Wireless and Satellite Networks”,
Elsevier Computer Networks, vol.46, #3, October 2004, pp. 343–362
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: Explicit transport error notification (ETEN); Explicit loss notification (ELN); Explicit congestion notification (ECN); Wireless and satellite networks; TCP performance; Congestion; Corruption; Bit errors; Channel fades
Abstract: “Wireless and satellite networks often have non-negligible packet corruption rates that can significantly degrade TCP performance. This is due to TCP’s assumption that every packet loss is an indication of network congestion (causing TCP to reduce the transmission rate). This problem has received much attention in the literature. In this paper, we take a broad look at the problem of enhancing TCP performance under corruption losses, and include a discussion of the key issues. The main contributions of this paper are: (i) a confirmation of previous studies that show the reduction of TCP performance in the face of corruption loss, and in addition a plausible upper bound achievable with perfect knowledge of the cause of loss, (ii) a classification of the potential mitigation space, and (iii) the introduction of a promising new mitigation that employs rich cumulative information from intermediate nodes in a path to form a better congestion response.
We first illustrate the performance implications of corruption-based loss for a variety of networks via simulation. In addition, we show a rough upper bound on the performance gains a TCP could get if it could perfectly determine the cause of each segment loss––independent of any specific mechanism for TCP to learn the root cause of packet loss. Next, we provide a taxonomy of potential practical classes of mitigations that TCP end-points and intermediate network elements can cooperatively use to decrease the performance impact of corruption-based loss. Finally, we briefly consider a potential mitigation, called cumulative explicit transport error notification (CETEN), which covers a portion of the solution space previously unexplored. CETEN is shown to be a promising mitigation strategy, but a strategy with numerous formidable practical hurdles still to overcome. ”
Notes: importance and relevance to ResiliNets
[Chowdhury-Baras-Hadjitheodosiou-Papademetriou-2005 (doi) .]
A. Roy-Chowdhury, J.S. Baras, M. Hadjitheodosiou, S. Papademetriou
“Security issues in hybrid networks with a satellite component”,
IEEE Wireless Communications, vol.12, #6, Dec. 2005, pp. 50–61
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: cryptography, data communication, satellite communication, telecommunication network management, telecommunication security
Abstract: “Satellites are expected to play an increasingly important role in providing broadband Internet services over long distances in an efficient manner. Most future networks will be hybrid in nature - having terrestrial nodes interconnected by satellite links. Security is an important concern in such networks, since the satellite segment is susceptible to a host of attacks, including eavesdropping, session hijacking and data corruption. In this article we address the issue of securing communication in satellite networks. We discuss various security attacks that are possible in hybrid satellite networks, and survey the different solutions proposed to secure data communications in these networks. We look at the performance problems arising in hybrid networks due to security additions like Internet security protocol (IPSec) or secure socket layer (SSL), and suggest solutions to performance-related problems. We also point out important drawbacks in the proposed solutions, and suggest a hierarchical key-management approach for adding data security to group communication in hybrid networks.”
Notes: importance and relevance to ResiliNets
[[Onen-Molva-2004] (doi) .]
M. Onen, R. Molva
“Denial of service prevention in satellite networks”,
IEEE International Conference on Communications, (ICC) 2004 , vol.7, Jun. 2004, pp. 4387–4391
ResiliNets Keywords: list
Keywords: digital video broadcasting, direct broadcasting by satellite, protocols, telecommunication security
Abstract: “Networks integrating satellite shared access, such as DVB-S/RCS, are particularly exposed to denial of service (DoS) attacks through which a satellite terminal can maliciously use the Network Control Center (NCC) resources by submitting a high number of bogus requests. Anti-clogging techniques used in terrestrial mesh networks to thwart DoS attacks fall short of solving DoS problems in the case of satellite networks due to the inherent broadcast capability of the communication medium. We suggest a generic mechanism to prevent DoS attacks in control plane protocols. The principle behind this mechanism is an efficient identification technique that allows the satellite servers to quickly discard bogus requests. Thanks to this technique, intruders controlling the total bandwidth of the up-link can only consume a very small fraction of the NCC's resources.”
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[[Cruickshank-1996] .]
H. S. Cruickshank
“A security system for satellite networks”,
Fifth International Conference on Satellite Systems for Mobile Communications and Navigation, London, UK, May 1996, pp. 187–190
ResiliNets Keywords: Authentication protocol for SatNets
Keywords:
Abstract: “This paper proposes a workable and efficient security system to improve the data and voice services provided by the future personal satellite communication systems such as Inmarsat-P (ICO Global Communications), Globalstar and Iridium networks, and ease their seamless integration into existing wired networks. It takes into account the activities of various industry standardisation bodies, and should fulfill the perceived security requirements of commercial organisations. It uses a combination of public-key and secret-key systems to provide the following: mutual authentication between the satellite-user and satellite-network using public-key cryptosystems; data encryption using a secret-key algorithm agreed at the authentication stage; using a digital signature system for signing documents. The encoding of the authentication protocol is presented in the ASN.1 format. End-to-end security is possible where the satellite network will pass the information between users without any security processing”
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[[Hwang-Yang-Shiu-2003] (doi) .]
M-S. Hwang, C-C. Yang, C-Y. Shiu
“An authentication scheme for mobile satellite communication systems”,
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, vol.37, #4, Oct. 2003, pp. 42–47
ResiliNets Keywords:
Keywords: authentication, cryptography, mobile satellite communication system, security
Abstract: “This paper discusses the security aspects of a registration protocol in a mobile satellite communication system. We propose a new mobile user authentication and data encryption scheme for mobile satellite communication systems. The scheme can remedy a replay attack.”
Notes: importance and relevance to ResiliNets
